Frequenti otiti

L’otalgia rappresenta uno dei problemi più frequenti nei pazienti pediatrici e si manifesta con dolore all’orecchio, che può estendersi fino alla testa e al collo, spesso associato a febbre. Oltre al disturbo provocato dai vari sintomi relazionati alla patologia, molto intensi e insistenti, le otiti tendono a cronicizzare e quindi complicarsi in perforazioni timpaniche e parziale perdita dell’udito, che può ostacolare un corretto apprendimento. La cronicizzazione della patologia è relazionata alla forma anatomica che fisiologicamente presentano le strutture deputate all’udito nel bambino: l’orizzontalità delle tube di Eustachio infatti impedisce un corretto drenaggio, elemento fondamentale per l’eliminazione di agenti patogeni. Il lavoro osteopatico di mobilizzazione di tali strutture, attraverso degli input delicati a livello delle ossa del cranio, favorisce il drenaggio e quindi impedisce il ristagno dei batteri nelle mucose, prevenendo la cronicizzazione delle infezioni.

otite

Asma e allergie

Tali patologie, a carattere infiammatorio, colpiscono le vie aeree inferiori, che si ostruiscono in seguito a una sensibilizzazione da parte di allergeni. Durante le crisi i sintomi sono principalmente la difficoltà respiratoria, la tosse e la sensazione di costrizione a livello della gabbia toracica. La terapia farmacologica con broncodilatatori e anti-infiammatori è fondamentale per far cessare la crisi. L’osteopatia può intervenire tra le fasi di esacerbazione delle crisi, durante le quali la muscolatura e tutte le strutture della gabbia toracica sono messe sotto stress a causa dei colpi di tosse e dell’alterata respirazione. Il lavoro di inibizione e mobilizzazione di tali stutture permette un miglior recupero della corretta funzionalità del torace, prevenendo fastidi e dolori che possono essere legati agli sforzi respiratori in relazione alle crisi.

asma

Frequenti patologie delle vie aeree superiori

Le patologie delle vie aeree superiori, caratterizzate da rinorrea, tosse, febbre, cefalea, mal di gola, sono molto frequenti nei bambini, soprattutto quando cominciano a frequentare luoghi pubblici come scuole o palestre. L’origine è virale o batterica, pertanto la terapia è quasi sempre medico-farmacologica. Talvolta però queste patologie tendono a cronicizzarsi, costringendo il bambino a più ricadute durante l’anno. Spesso questa cronicità è relazionata a forme craniche particolari, che presentano una chiusura delle ossa della faccia, che porta a una difficoltà degli scambi aerei e circolatori. L’approccio osteopatico è finalizzato a favorire un’apertura e un migliore drenaggio di queste componenti del cranio, favorendo l’eliminazione dei batteri dalle mucose e prevenendo le ricadute.

respiratorio

Bachelor Science in Osteopathy

Il B.Sc. Ost (Bachelor Science in Osteopathy) è  un titolo accademico riconosciuto a livello internazionale, al momento quello maggiormente conseguito in Europa per la pratica della professione osteopatica.

Tale titolo viene rilasciato, tra le altre università europee, da BCOM (British College of Osteopathic Medicine), una delle più prestigiose scuole di osteopatia del Regno Unito. La conversione del Diploma in Osteopatia, titolo rilasciato dalla  scuola italiana, in Bachelor  Science in Osteopathy, rilasciato dall’università londinese, è possibile grazie alla collaborazione tra AIMO e BCOM.

Il percorso di conversione prevede un’interazione con i docenti dell’università inglese che si conclude con la realizzazione di un progetto di ricerca,  la stesura e l’esposizione in lingua inglese della tesi di laurea.

Effectiveness of osteopathic treatment on infantile colic” di Chiara Frittoli

bsc_1

Diploma in Osteopatia

Il D.O. (Diploma in Osteopatia) è un titolo che viene rilasciato al termine di differenti percorsi di studio osteopatico. Gli osteopati di Ostmonza hanno scelto di garantire le proprie competenze ai pazienti optando per il corso full time presso realtà accademiche i cui professionisti rispettano gli standard indicati dai documenti internazionali FORE (Forum for Osteopathic Regulation in Europe), FEO (Federazione Europea degli Osteopati), OMS (Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità).

Il corso di osteopatia full time si articola in 5 anni dei quali i primi 2 sono dedicati allo studio di materie teorico-scientifiche e ad un primo approccio manuale, che si sviluppa poi dal terzo anno nel tirocinio clinico dove si pratica su pazienti reali.

Al termine del corso di osteopatia full time vengono completate 3000 ore di lezioni teorico-pratiche e 1200 ore di tirocinio clinico.

do

Effectiveness of osteopathic treatment on infantile colic

Di Chiara Frittoli
ABSTRACT
Background: Infant colic is a phenomenon that involves about 10% of infants under the age of three months. The aetiology is unknown, different treatment approaches have been tested, but none have shown conclusive positive results. Manual treatments have been scarcely examined, but the few studies done seem to have had some positive results. The aim of the current clinical study is to verify if Osteopathic Manual Treatment (OMT) has an effect on colic symptoms.
Methods: 10 healthy babies affected by colic were selected by their paediatricians. They were treated before with a phytotherapic product (SMT) for 2 weeks and then with OMT (totally 3 treatments) combined with SMT for 3 weeks. Parents completed a daily diary before the beginning of the study, after SMT and after SMT+OMT, recording 6 parameters: sleeping, awake & content, feeding, fussy, crying, unsoothable crying. The changes in these data were tested for significance by means of one way ANOVA (data were significant if p<.05).
Results: There were no significant changes in the variables analysed from time 0 to time 1 (p>.05). While there were changes from time 1 to time 2 in terms of hours/24 spent in sleeping (p=.001), fussy (p<.05), crying (p<.05) and unsoothable crying (p<.05). There were no changes in awake & content both from T0 to T1 (p>.05) and from T1 to T2 (p>.05), but there were changes from T0 to T2 (p<.05).
Conclusion: OMT+SMT appears more effective than SMT alone in relieving some colic symptoms. A larger study that separates the group of control from the group of treatment is requested to get stronger results.

INTRODUCTION

Colic was described in 1954 as “rhythmic attacks of screaming” [1] in babies up until three months of life with an occurrence that varies from 1.5-11.9% [2] to 5-19% [3]. The accepted definition is the “rule of three”: crying for more than three hours per day, more than three days per week, more than three weeks [4]. The aetiology is unknown, different theories have been considered: diet, feeding and psychological factors, but none have been shown conclusively to be causal [1,5-6].The lack of a clear aetiology has implications in identifying an effective treatment. Pharmaceutical, dietary and behavioural interventions have been tried but few have shown conclusive positive results, while others have been shown to be harmful [7-8]. Manual treatments have been scarcely studied, as reported in a recent meta-analysis, research projects were too small and biased [9]. Chiropractic spinal manipulation has had positive results in comparison with dimethicone in a Danish study [10], but it appeared to be no more effective than placebo in a larger Norwegian research [11]. Recent research has shown the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment on babies’ crying behaviour in a double-blind study [12]. Cranial manipulation achieved satisfying results in a pilot study performed in UK [13].The parameters evaluated in these studies were the hours/24 spent by infants in crying and sleeping. The studies have shown that chiropractic and osteopathic treatments were effective in reducing crying pattern and increasing sleeping ones.

The aim of this current study was to assess if Osteopathic Manual Treatment (OMT) has an effect on babies’ colic, considering the change of all the variables of behaviour in a day (sleeping, awake & content, feeding, fussy, crying and unsoothable crying). Moreover not only cranial as in the UK pilot study, but an osteopathic treatment on the entire body was tested.

 

METHODOLOGY

Participants

The present study, a clinical trial, compared the effects of a phytotherapic product alone with the effect of phytotherapy combined with OMT. 10 participants were recruited through local paediatricians. Treatments were performed by the same osteopath. The research protocol was approved by the BCOM Ethics Committee (Appendix I).

To participate in the study, infants needed to fulfil certain inclusion criteria (Table 1) that feature the colic period [1] and be healthy babies [14]: aged between 2 weeks and 3 months of life, gestational age between 37 and 42 weeks, birth weight between 2.5 and 4 kg, an Apgar index more or equal to 7. Mothers and babies had to be healthy during pregnancy, birth and until the beginning of the study (a part from colic). No limits were put in relation to type of delivery, as others have shown it has no influence on colic trend [15]. Furthermore babies needed to be exclusively breastfed and mothers were requested not to alter their diet during the study period [16-18].

 

INCLUSION

EXCLUSION

AGE

3 weeks-3 months

<3 weeks

>3 months

GESTATIONAL AGE

37-42 weeks

Pre-terms and

post-terms

BIRTH WEIGHT

2.5-4 kg

<2.5 kg

>4 kg

APGAR

≥7

<7

PREGNANCY

Healthy

Complicated or

Pathological

BIRTH

Healthy

Complicated or

Pathological

LIFE

Healthy a part for colic

Pathologies

BABY’S FEEDING

Exclusively breastfeeding

Bottle or

mixed feeding

MOTHER’S

FEEDING

No changes in the diet

during the study

Change in the diet

during the study

TREATMENT

No previous manual

Treatment

Previous manual

treatment

Table 1: inclusion and exclusion criteria

 

Methods

Infants were selected from paediatricians and were diagnosed with colic by means of the Crying Pattern Questionnaire [19-20] (Appendix II).

A written basic explanation of aims, procedure and possible risks of the project were given to the parents/guardians by way of Information (Appendix III) and Risk Assessment Sheets (Appendix IV). Parents were required to consent to take part in the study, after reading these documents by signing the written Consent Form (Appendix V). The babies’ eligibility was confirmed by the Questionnaire (Appendix VI) completed by the parents/guardian about their babies medical history.

During the study the parents were asked to record in a validated Daily Diary [21-22] (Appendix VII) the baby’s behaviour in terms of hours/24 spent sleeping, crying, fussing, feeding and awaking. Details of how to record types of behaviour were explained in the Instruction Sheet (Appendix VIII).

Procedure and Ethical Issues

Babies recruited needed to cry at least 3 hours/day, as mean of the data recorded in the diary during the first 3 days of the study.

Because of the age of the babies some precautions were taken to protect them: a sham treatment was avoided and every infant received with no interruptions at least a treatment having the possibility to try both medical and osteopathic treatment. All data was kept anonymous in the study.

Infants initially attended the control group for 2 weeks, during which they were treated by a standard medical treatment (SMT); it consisted of a phytotherapic product used following the paediatrician’s instruction explained in the Standard Medical Treatment Sheet (Appendix IX). During the 2nd week of SMT, the parents completed the diary, from which babies who cried more than 3 hours per day (as mean of the data recorded) took part in the treatment group. The phase consisted of 3 treatments, a treatment each week for 3 weeks, that lasted about 30 minutes and consisted of gentle cranial and fascial techniques. During the OMT period, manual treatments remained coupled with SMT. During the 3rd week of OMT+SMT parents completed  the diary.

Osteopathic Manual Treatment

Treatments were based on the concept of the black box: not a single technique or a standard treatment for every patient, but the approach of every single dysfunction found in the individual patient. In particular, the anatomic regions analysed were:

  • JUGULAR FORAMEN: this foramen is the vagus nerve exit that carries to the brain the 95% of gastrointestinal tract afferent messages. Occipital or temporal dysfunctions can distort the jugular foramen, with possible consequences on vagal function [23]. Infants born through a natural delivery showed different cranic base dysfunctions [24].
  • DORSO-LUMBAR SPINE: this is the metameric level of the bowel ortosympathetic innervation. Somatic dysfunctions at this level may interact with afferent and efferent signals improving the pain sensation, deteriorating the bowel activity [25].
  • UPPER CERVICAL SPINE: vagus and trigeminal nerve are in communication through the spinal trigeminal nucleus. A recent study showed that repeated low intensity stimulus on the vagus nerve gives further stimulus to the trigeminal nucleus, inhibiting it [26]. Somatic dysfunctions of the first cervical vertebrae (where trigeminal nucleus is located) may interact with vagus afferent signals and lead to a distorted message to the vagal nucleus responsible of gastrointestinal tract innervation.
  • DIAPHRAGM: one of the possible causes of colic is excess gas in the bowel, which may increase abdominal pressure [1]. Moreover the increased pressure may prevent gas ejection. Osteopathic research has shown that treating the diaphragm may modify intra-thoracic and intra-abdominal pressure [27]. The treatment covered also the other diaphragms (cranic and pelvic, superior thoracic aperture) with which the thoracic diaphragm should harmoniously work [28].
  • DIGASTRIC AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES: a hypothesis about pain aetiology during baby’s feeding concerns the spasm of the swallowing muscles [29]. These muscles provoke pain only in the first weeks of life probably because later, getting stronger, the risk of spasm is reduced as in an athlete the muscle strengthening delay soreness onset [30]. The inhibition of digastric and supra-hyoid muscles or the correction of hyoid bone dysfunction may reduce this pain.

Statistical analysis

The endpoints of the study were the parameters recorded in the diary: the mean number of hours/24 in each week of the study spent in sleeping, awake & content, fussing, crying, unsoothable crying and feeding. For each infant the difference of the mean (table 2) of these parameters were valuated from time 0 (T0) to time 1 (T1), from T1 to time 2 (T2) and from T0 to T2. T0 was the time before the beginning of the study, during which babies received no treatments. T1 was the second week of the study, during which infants were treated with SMT, a week after the use of phytotherapic product. T2 was the fifth week of the study, during which babies were treated with OMT+SMT, after the third manipulative treatment. Then the mean difference was tested for significance with repeated measures one way ANOVA for each variable. When test for normality (Shapiro wilk) failed ANOVA on ranks was performed. The software used was SigmaPlot (version 11), post hoc analysis was performed through the Tukey test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

SLEEPING

AWAKE & CONTENT

FEEDING

FUSSY

CRYING

UNSOOTHABLE CRYING

T0*

10.56

4.58

3.44

1.92

2.32

1.18

T1*

10.82

4.95

3.16

1.76

2.14

1.17

T2*

12.47

6.71

3.04

0.75

0.83

0.19

*Hours/24

SD_0

0.82

1.46

0.64

0.88

0.24

0.09

SD_1

1.21

1.43

0.34

0.77

0.27

0.16

SD_2

1.46

1.62

0.37

0.35

0.29

0.22

Table 2: mean hours of each behaviour in the three moments of the study (T) and standard deviation (SD) of each parameter

 

RESULTS

 Sleeping pattern

The results about sleeping (Table 3) show that OMT+SMT was effective in increasing rest hours in comparison with SMT alone (p=.005) and with no treatment (p=.001). However, there was no statistical significance between SMT and no treatment (p=.626). The normality test passed (p=0.066).

SLEEPING

Comparison

Diff of Means

T

Unadjusted P

Critical Level

Significant?

T2vsT0

1.913

3.588

0.001

0.017

Yes

T2vsT1

1.650

3.095

0.005

0.025

Yes

T1vsT0

0.263

0.493

0.626

0.050

No

Table 3: One way Analysis of Variance, Dependent Variable: Sleeping

 

Awake & content pattern

The results on awake & content (Table 4) show that OMT+SMT was not significantly effective in increasing calm awake hours in comparison with SMT alone (p>.05). SMT had no significant effect in comparison and with no treatment (p>.05). While SMT+OMT was effective in increasing hours of awake and content in comparison with no treatment (p=.030). The normality test failed (p=.009)

AWAKE & CONTENT

Comparison

Diff of Ranks

q

P<0.05

T2vsT0

99.000

3.556

Yes

T2vsT1

78.000

2.802

No

T1vsT0

21.000

0.754

No

Table 4: One way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, Dependent Variable: Awake & content

 

Fussy pattern

The results about fussy (Table 5) show that OMT+SMT was effective in decreasing fussy hours in comparison with SMT alone (p<.001), while SMT showed no significant change in comparison with no treatment (p>.05). Moreover SMT+OMT was effective in decreasing fussy hours in comparison with no treatment (p<.001). The normality test failed (p=.000).

 

FUSSY

Comparison

Diff of Ranks

q

P<0.05

T0vsT2

140.500

5.047

Yes

T0vsT1

6.500

0.233

No

T1vsT2

134.000

4.813

Yes

Table 5: One way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, Dependent Variable: Fussy

 

Crying pattern

The results about crying (Table 6) show that OMT+SMT was effective in decreasing wept hours in comparison with SMT alone (p<.001), while SMT alone had no significant effects in comparison with no treatment (p>.05). Then SMT+OMT was effective in decreasing crying hours in comparison with no treatment (p<.001). The normality test failed (p=.001).

 

CRYING

Comparison

Diff of Ranks

q

P<0.05

T0vsT2

178.000

6.394

Yes

T0vsT1

56.000

2.012

No

T1vsT2

122.000

4.382

Yes

Table 6: One way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, Dependent Variable: Crying

 

Unsoothable crying pattern

The results on unsoothable crying (Table 7) show that OMT+SMT was effective in decreasing colic hours in comparison with SMT alone (p<.001), while SMT alone had no significant effects in comparison and with no treatment (p>.05). Furthermore SMT+OMT was effective in decreasing unsoothable crying hours in comparison with no treatment (p<.001). The normality test failed (p=.048).

 

UNSOOTHABLE CRYING

Comparison

Diff of Ranks

q

P<0.05

T0vsT2

152.000

5.460

Yes

T0vsT1

4.000

0.144

No

T1vsT2

148.000

5.316

Yes

Table 7: One way Analysis of Variance on Ranks, Dependent Variable: Unsoothable crying

 

Feeding pattern

The results on feeding are inconclusive, indeed the differences in the median values among the treatment groups are not great enough to exclude the possibility that the difference is due to random sampling variability. There is no statistically significant difference (p = 0.160).

Meaning of results

In the 5 weeks of the study infants’ behaviour changed, with an increase in sleeping and awake and content trend, while a decrease in fussy, crying, unsoothable crying trend. Table 8 shows the mean time of hours/24 expressed in percentage at T0, T1, T2. Significant changes appear in unsoothable crying, which trend was about 5% hours/24 both at T0 and T1 was while less than 1% at T2. Similar results emerge from fussy behaviour which trend was more than 7% hours/24 both at T0 and T1 while about 3% at T2. Crying decreases from a trend that was about 9% hours/24 at T0 and T1, to a trend of about 3.5% at T2. Sleeping trend changes from about 44% at T0 to about 45% at T1, to about 52% at T2. Awake and content trend increases from about 19% at T0 to about 21% at T1, to about 28% at T2.

 

%

SLEE-

PING

AWAKE & CON-

TENT

FEE-

DING

FUSSY

CRYING

UNSOOT-HABLE CRYING

T0*

43.99

19.10

14.34

7.99

9.65

4.93

T1*

45.09

20.61

13.18

7.32

8.93

4.87

T2*

51.96

27.98

12.65

3.14

3.47

0.80

*% hours/24

Table 8: mean percentage of each parameter in the three moments of the study

For each parameter there is a greater gap from T1 to T2 than T0 to T1 (graph 1).

graph.jpg

Graph 1: percentage hours of each behaviour (sleeping, awake & content, feeding, fussy, crying, unsoothable crying) in the three moments of the study (T0, T1, T2)

 

DISCUSSION

Comparison of the outcomes

The results of the study show that OMT combined with SMT has an effect in babies with colic in a number of measurable variables.

In the current literature few studies about manipulative treatments on colic symptoms have been performed. Three systematic reviews [8,30-31] and a meta-analysis [9] have pointed out that there is little evidence about the effect of osteopathic treatment in colicky infants’ behaviour.

Nevertheless a UK pilot study has shown an improvement of colic symptoms after cranial osteopathic manipulation [13]. The differences between this and the current study are the variables analysed: the first considered only the parameters of crying and sleeping, while the current considered different types of crying (crying/unsoothable crying) and behaviour, such as fussy, feeding and calm awake. Because of the difference of the variables used, it is difficult to make comparisons between the results of the two studies, although both show significant improvement in the variables measured. The current research has aimed to widen the areas of treatment adding treatment that covers other body areas to the cranial manipulation. This method of evaluation of the entire body was used in a recent exploratory study on preterm infants with changes in gastrointestinal function: it has had positive results in reducing infants’ length of stay in hospital [33]. For this reason it was chosen this approach and not only cranial treatment.

Other studies using manipulative treatment on colicky babies have been done in the chiropractic field [10-12]. Also in these cases some systematic reviews declared the trials analysed small and prone to bias, so not able to give rigorous evidence [8-9,34-35].

However, different clinical trials have had encouraging results: since different medical interventions were studied but no therapy was shown to be completely effective [7-8,36], improvements with a non harmful treatment [40] can be object of interest in literature. Indeed some studies have shown great changes in infants’ behaviour after spinal manipulation both in the short [10,12] and the long term [37].

The variables evaluated were again not exactly the same as the current study, so it would be not correct compare these trials with the present. Moreover in these studies there is no explanation about the techniques used or the dysfunction treated, so it is not possible to compare between the chiropractic and osteopathic approaches.

Limitations of the study

The greatest limitation of the study is the small sample analysed. Although the power of the performed test was 0.886 with α=0.050, thus the sample appears adequate, a wider sample would have allowed to divide the group of treatment from the group of control. The small sample available was linked both to the very strict inclusion/exclusion criteria and the limited length of the enrolment period. The eligibility parameters were chosen on the basis of multiple studies that recognised various elements which may influence colic [8,16-18,38]. Excluding what can modify the phenomenon, there is less influence of other elements on the treatments adopted (OMT and SMT). But this narrowness excluded a lot of possible participants. But the availability of more recruitment time (in the current study it lasted 4 months) would have allowed a more robust project with adequate participants.

A further limitation of the current research is the length of the study (5 weeks) in comparison with the colic period (on average 12 weeks [1]). This aspect was related to the small sample again: clustering the groups of control and treatment the operator could involve double participants. With a wider sample a group could have received before SMT and then OMT and the other group the contrary. Or better each group could have received only one kind of treatment. It would be better because from a statistical point of view the maintenance of SMT during OMT creates not clear results (dragging effect). Moreover SMT may have needed more time to be effective, so it should be left at least the same time to act both for OMT and SMT to do an unbiased comparison (but the time of SMT was reduced to shorten the length of the study).

The choice of proposing both treatments was done for an ethical reason: OMT, is currently not recognised in Italy as a medical intervention, and therefore needed to be offered with a SMT.

To reduce the effect that the time has spontaneously on colic, infants were recruited as soon as possible. The mean age at the beginning of the study was 22.5 days therefore the study was completed when babies were less than 2 months old, age during which colic is normally present.

The last limit of the study was a difficult expressed by mothers to complete such rigorously and for so many days the diary. Although the diary used was validated [19,21,39], the variables analysed are based on people’s perception. It cannot be perfectly objective during a study, even more if people are no blind as in the current study.

Proposal for a larger study

The current research can be considered a pilot study for a next project that could have some different features: a wider sample and the separation of control and treatment groups.

To reduce the length of the study the frequency of OMT can be shortened, e.g. 1 treatment every 5 days. Indeed no adverse effect was recounted by parents and also in wider studies OMT was shown to have no contra-indications [40]. Keeping the preventive measures adopted (Appendix IV) it would be possible to bring the treatments closer to each other.

Eventually for the best clinical result OMT joined with a phytotherapic product may be added to other measures shown to have a role in relieving colic too [7-8,41].

 

CONCLUSION

The current study has shown that OMT combined  with the use of a phytotherapic product appears to improve colic symptoms. In particular it has a role in reducing hours/24 spent in fussy, crying and unsoothable crying, moreover in increasing sleeping and awake & content time. A larger study is requested to make results more significant.


ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Patricia Burton for her support in projecting and completing the study and Dr Kerstin Rolfe for her precious advices about the statistical analysis.

I would like to thank Dr Alberto Maggiani who taught my what means doing research for his support in the first part of literature research.

I would like to thank all my teachers for their patient and passion in giving me their experience and for allowing me to end my studies in AIMO.

I would like to thank my parents without whom I would never have become an osteopath.


BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

  1. Illingworth RS, (1954) Three months colic, Arch Dis Child; 29(145):165-74
  2. Reijneveld SA, Brugman E, Hirasing RA, (2001) Excessive infant crying: the impact of varying definitions, Pediatrics; 108(4):893-7
  3. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, van Eijk JT, Gubbels JW, Douwes AC, van Geldrop WJ, (2001) Systemathic Review of occurrence of infantile colic in the community, Arch Dis Child; 84:398-403
  4. Roberts DM, Ostapchuk M, O’Brien JG, (2004) Infantile colic, Am Fam Physician; 70(4):735-40
  5. Illingworth R.S., (1985) Infantile colic revisited, Arch Dis Child: 60:981-985
  6. Miller-Loncar C, Bigsby R, High P, Wallach M, Lester B, (2004) Infant colic and feeding difficulties, Arch Dis Child; 89(10):908-12
  7. Joanna Briggs Institute, (2008) The effectiveness of interventions for infant colic, Aust Nurs J; 16(4):31-4
  8. Lucassen P, (2010) Colic in infants, Clin Evid; (Online)
  9. Dobson D, Lucassen PL, Miller JJ, Vlieger AM, Prescott P, Lewith G, (2012) Manipulative therapies for infantile colic, Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 12:CD004796
  10. Wiberg J.M.M, Nordsteen J, Nilsson N, (1999) The Short-term Effect of Spinal Manipulation in the Treatment of Infantile Colic: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial with a Blinded Observer, J Manipulative Physiol Ther;  22(8):517-22
  11. Olafsdottir E, Forshei S, Fluge G, Markestad T, (2001) Randomised controlled trial of infantile colic treated with chiropractic spinal manipulation, Arch Dis Child; 84(2):138-41
  12. Miller JE, Newell D, Bolton JE, (2012) Efficacy of chiropractic manual therapy on infant colic: a pragmatic single-blind, randomized controlled trial, J Manipulative Physiol Ther; 35(8):600-7
  13. Hayden C, Mullinger B, (2006) A preliminary assessment of the impact of cranial osteopathy for the relief of infantile colic, Complement Ther Clin Pract; 12(2):83-90
  14. Silver HK, Kempe CH, Bruyn HB, Fulginiti VA, (1987) Handbook of pediatrics, (eds Appleton & Lange). Norwalk: Conn
  15. Høgdall CK, Vestermark V, Birch M, Plenov G, Toftager-Larsen K, (1991) The significance of pregnancy, delivery and postpartum factors for the development of infantile colic, J Perinat Med; 19(4):251-7
  16. Wade S, Kilgour T, (2001) Extracts from “clinical evidence”: Infantile colic, BMJ; 323(7310):437-40
  17. Hill D.J, Roy N, Heine R.G, Hosking C.S, Francis D.E, Brown J, Speirs B, Sadowsky j, Carlin J.B, (2005) Effect of a low allergen maternal diet on colic among breastfeed infants: a randomised controlled trial, Pediatrics; 116(5):709-15
  18. Critch JN, Canadian Paediatric Society, Nutrition and Gastroenterology Committee, (2011) Infantile colic: Is there a role for dietary interventions?, Paediatr Child Health; 16(1):47-49
  19. St James-Roberts I, Conroy S, Wilsher K, (1996) Bases for maternal perceptions of infant crying and colic behaviour, Arch Dis Child; 75(5):375-84
  20. St James-Roberts I, Halil T, (1993) Infant crying patterns in the first year: normal community and clinical findings, J. Child Psychol psychiatry; 32(6):951-68
  21. Barr RG, Kramer M.S, Boisjoly C, McVey-White L, Pless I.B, (1988) Parental diary of infant cry and fuss behaviour, Arch  Dis Child; 63(4):380-7
  22. St James-Roberts I, Goodwin J, Peter B, Adams D, Hunt S, (2003) Individual Differences in responsivity to a neurobehavioural examination predict crying patterns of 1-week-old infants at home, Dev Med Child Neurol; 45(6):400-7
  23. Magoun HI. (2008) Neonati e bambini. In: Osteopatia in ambito craniale, (eds. Futura Publishing Society) pp. 257-287
  24. Robbins KT, Fenton R.S, (1980) Jugular foramen Syndrome, J Otolaryngol; 9(6):505-16
  25. Pickar JG, (2002) Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation, Spine J; 2(5):357-371
  26. Lyubashina OA, Sokolov AY, Panteleev SS, (2012) Vagal afferent modulation of spinal trigeminal neuronal responses to dural electrical stimulation in rats, Neuroscience, [Epub ahead of print]
  27. da Silva RC, de Sà CC, Pascual-Vaca AO, de Souza Fontes LH, Herbella Fernandes FA, Dib RA, Blanco CR, Queiroz RA, Navarro-Rodriguez T, (2012) Increase of lower esophageal sphincter pressure after osteopathic intervention on the diaphragm in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, Dis Esophagus, [Epub ahead of print]
  28. Nelson KE, Glonek T, (2007) Somatic Dysfunction in Osteopathic Family Medicine. In: Procedures for treating conditions commonly encountered in family practice (Eds Lippincott Williams&Wilkins), pp. 253-254. Crawfordsville: R.R. Donnelley & Sons
  29. Gudmusson G, (2010) Infantile Colic: Is a pain Syndrome, Med Hypotheses; 75(6):528-529
  30. Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L, (2003) Delayed onset muscle soreness : treatment strategies and performance factors, Sports Med; 33(2):145-64
  31. Lucassen P, (2007) Infantile colic, Clin Evid (Online)
  32. Brand PL, Engelbert RH, Helders PJ, Offringa M, (2005) Systematic review of the effects of therapy in infants with the KISS-syndrome (kinetic imbalance due to suboccipital strain), Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd; 149(13):703-7
  33. Pizzolorusso G, Turi P, Barlafante G, Cerritelli F, Renzetti C, Cozzolino V, D’Orazio M, Fusilli P, Carinci F, D’Incecco C, (2011) Effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment on gastrointestinal function and length of stay of preterm infants: an exploratory study, Chiropr Man Therap; 19(1):15
  34. Ernst E, (2009) Chiropractic spinal manipulation for infant colic: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials, Int J Clin Pract; 63(9):1351-3
  35. Ernst E, Canter PH, (2006) A systematic review of systematic reviews of spinal manipulation, J R Soc Med; 99(4):192-6
  36. Garrison MM, Christakis DA, (2000) A systematic review of treatments for infant colic, Pediatrics; 106(1 Pt 2):184-90
  37. Miller JE, Phillips HL, (2009) Long-term effects of infant colic: a survey comparison of chiropractic treatment and nontreatment groups, J Manipulative Physiol Ther; 32(8):635-8
  38. Lucassen PL, Assendelft WJ, Gubbels JW, van Eijk JT, van Geldrop WJ, Neven AK, (1998) Effectiveness of treatments for infantile colic: systematic review, BMJ; 316(7144):1563-9
  39. St James-Roberts I, Hurry J, Bowyer J, (1993) Objective confirmation of crying durations in infants referred for excessive crying, Arch Dis Child; 68(1):82-4
  40. Colli R, Biagiotti I, Sterpa A, (2003) Osteopathy in neonatology, Pediatr Med Chir; 25(2):101-5
  41. Hunziker UA, Barr RG, (1986) Increased carrying reduces infant crying: a randomized controlled trial, Pediatrics; 7(5):641-8

Alterata deambulazione

Fisiologicamente dalla nascita è presente un’intratorsione del femore, che tende poi a ridursi con la crescita. Tuttavia nei primi anni di vita si riscontra comunemente una caratteristica deambulazione ad arti intraruotati. In modo simile è possibile riscontrare una rotazione interna o esterna della tibia, che si manifesta anch’essa con un’alterata deambulazione. L’uso di tutori, calzature o altri presidi ortopedici è spesso di scarsa utilità, essendo questi paramorfismi che normalmente si risolvono spontaneamente. Tuttavia l’osteopatia può intervenire accelerando i tempi di recupero di una corretta deambulazione attraverso il lavoro di inibizione, allungamento muscolare e sulle articolazioni coinvolte. Il  fine dell’approccio osteopatico, in questo caso, è di recuperare i movimenti limitati e dare input in senso correttivo agli atteggiamenti posturali viziati. L’osteopata potrà anche consigliare le migliori posture da mantenere durante il gioco o lo studio del bambino, le posizioni da evitare e gli esercizi da eseguire per mantenere i miglioramenti ottenuti con il trattamento.

deambulazione

Piede piatto/cavo

Il piede piatto è una condizione abbastanza frequente nei bambini, che consiste nella riduzione o nella totale assenza dell’arco della volta plantare. Si riscontra soprattutto nei primi due anni di vita, ma si può osservare con una certa frequenza fino ai 12 anni di vita, tendendo spesso alla risoluzione spontanea. Tale dimorfismo è correlato ad un’eccessiva elasticità delle strutture capsulo-legamentose del piede. Al contrario il piede cavo, meno frequente rispetto al piede piatto, consiste in un aumento dell’arco della volta plantare. In ogni caso l’osteopatia può intervenire su tali alterazioni sia in miglioramento delle stesse sia in prevenzione di ulteriori peggioramenti. L’approccio osteopatico in questi casi si rivolge principalmente alle strutture articolari e capsulo-legamentose, ai fini di ridurne eventuali disfunzioni, e alla muscolatura della gamba e del piede, ai fini di migliorarne tono e elasticità.

piatto_bam

Ginocchio varo/valgo

Le deviazioni angolari degli arti inferiori sono molto frequenti nei primi mesi di vita. Sia il ginocchio varo che il ginocchio valgo tendono alla spontanea risoluzione intorno ai 2/3 anni di vita. Talvolta però, soprattutto in caso di familiarità per tali deformazioni, le deviazioni permangono. In questo caso, dopo aver accertato la benignità della deformazione attraverso il consulto di medici specialisti e l’esecuzione di esami strumentali, è possibile intervenire manualmente prima di affrontare un intervento chirurgico. Il trattamento osteopatico può infatti ridurre tali deviazioni attraverso il lavoro sulle strutture muscolari degli arti inferiori che talvolta, contratte, mantengono la deformità. E’ possibile inoltre, attraverso degli input in senso correttivo, andare anche a migliorare la forma e la funzionalità dell’articolazione stessa. Tale lavoro è anche utile nella prevenzione di ulteriori peggioramenti nella deviazione degli arti inferiori con l’ulteriore crescita.

varo_bam

Torcicollo miogeno

Il torcicollo miogeno una deformità caratterizzata da permanente deviazione laterale e rotatoria del capo. Frequentemente è determinato da una retrazione fibrosa del muscolo sterno-cleido-mastoideo, solitamente per una posizione alterata del feto nell’utero. Le manifestazioni principali di questo problema sono l’atteggiamento del capo inclinato dal lato colpito e ruotato dal lato opposto, il fascio muscolare palpabile come se fosse una corda e, se non corretto, una evidente scoliosi cervicale. Il trattamento è chirurgico, soprattutto nei gradi avanzati. Tuttavia il lavoro osteopatico è fondamentale come supporto alla chirurgia, per risultati migliori e più rapidi. Il lavoro fasciale e di inibizione muscolare sullo sterno-cleido-mastoideo e sulle strutture muscolari circostanti, infatti, ne permette un miglior adattamento all’incisione chirurgica e una prevenzione di eventuali ricadute a causa della trazione della cicatrice stessa.

Immagine30